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Showing posts with label healts. Show all posts
Showing posts with label healts. Show all posts

Saturday, December 15, 2012

Newtown school gunman used rifle to kill victims

The gunman who killed 20 children and six adults at a school in Connecticut used a rifle as his main weapon, the chief medical examiner says.

All the victims at Sandy Hook school in Newtown died of gunshot wounds, H Wayne Carver II said.
A list of the dead has been released. All the children were aged six or seven, and all the adults were women.
The gunman, named in media reports as Adam Lanza, killed his mother before driving to the school and opening fire.
Head teacher Dawn Hochsprung is listed among the dead, along with adults Rachel Davino, Anne Marie Murphy, Lauren Russo, Mary Sherlach and Victoria Soto.
The youngest child to be killed was Noah Pozner, who celebrated his sixth birthday only last month. Most of the children who died were girls and nearly all were aged six.
Dr Carver said all the victims had been hit more than once.

Initial reports suggested that the killer had used two handguns which he also had with him.
Earlier, Lt Paul Vance of Connecticut state police said the gunman had forced his way into the school, and had not been let in "voluntarily".

He said investigators had gathered "good evidence" in the search for a motive.
The gunman killed his mother at the home they shared before driving to the school in her car and opening fire. Reports say the guns used in the attacks were registered to her.
There are conflicting reports about whether she had worked at the school in the past.
Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy made a television address saying the children were "taken from their families far too soon".

"What's important right now is love, courage and compassion," he said.
President Barack Obama has urged "meaningful action" against gun crime in the US in the wake of the attack.

"As a country we have been through this too many times," he said in an emotional White House address.
"We're going to have to come together and take meaningful action to prevent more tragedies like this, regardless of the politics."
Friday's killings took place in two rooms within a single section of the school, police have said. The shooting lasted just a few minutes.

'Absolutely quiet'
As they heard the shots, teachers in other parts of the building tried to protect children by locking doors and ushering them into closets.
"I told them we had to be absolutely quiet, because I was just so afraid if he did come in, then he would hear us and just start shooting the door," said teacher Kaitlin Roig.
"I said to them, 'I need you to know that I love you all very much and that it's going to be okay', because I thought that was the last thing they were ever going to hear."
Library clerk Maryann Jacob described telling 18 children to crawl into a storage room, before barricading the door with a filing cabinet. "We set them up with paper and crayons," she said.
Dr Jeannie Pasacreta, a nurse practitioner and psychologist who has been advising parents on how to talk to their children, says neighbours have been cancelling Christmas parties and taking down decorations.

Brother questioned
Early reports named 24-year-old Ryan Lanza, of Hoboken, New Jersey, as the gunman, but unnamed officials later said his brother Adam was the suspect.
Ryan Lanza was questioned by police, US media reported, but has not been named as a suspect.
In a separate development, police in Oklahoma have arrested a teenager for allegedly plotting to shoot and bomb students at his school in Bartlesville. Sammie Eaglebear Chavez, 18, is said to have tried to convince other students to help him carry out an attack.


The attack at Newtown is the second deadliest shooting attack at a US school or university.
In 2007, a student at Virginia Tech university killed 32 people and injured many more.
Source : BBC News



Friday, December 14, 2012

The daily life of the Tribe Zoe (a lost world)

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Name

They are also known as the Poturu, Poturujara, or Buré. The term "Zo'é" means "us," as opposed to non-Indians or enemies. The term "Poturu" is the type of wood used to make embe'po labrets.[1]

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Language

The Zo'é language belongs to Subgroup VIII of the Tupi-Guarani language family.[2]

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Culture

All Zo'e wear the poturu, a wooden plug piercing the bottom lip. The Zo'e have a tradition where new fathers have the backs of their calves cut with the 'tooth of a small rodent'.
The marriage rituals of the Zo'e are complex and not fully understood. It is not known how many wives or husbands one is allowed to have. Many women practice polyandry, one or more husbands may be "learning husbands"; young men learning how to be good spouses, in exchange for hunting for the rest of the family.
In the state of Para, Northern Brazil, in one of the last still largely unexplored rainforests in the world, a new tribe, the Zoe, was recently contacted. They live between the Amazon River and the country of Suriname. The Zoe are part of the Tupi linguistic group. Little is known about them. They are semi-nomadic hunters and gatherers. Their favorite prey is monkey, which is plentiful in the region during the dry season. During the rainy season, the Zo'e rely on a root plant calledmanioc, which must be processed into flour to avoid its poisonous properties.
—Jean-Pierre Dutilleux[6]
Source : wikipedia

Monday, December 10, 2012

5 Ways To Effectively Review For A CSET Exam

Preparing for a CSET test is no joke and cramming for it is unheard of. You must be well aware by now as a teacher, that a certification exam will require thorough memorization, practice, and review and application. When you prepare well head of time, you are able to exhaust all efforts and resources into reviewing for the exam. This is essential because reading through a CSET multiple subjects study guide and taking the subjects practice test are not sufficient when you review, thus you will need all the help you can get to pass the test. So, what do you have to do to prep up for a CSET test?

Memorization
It is a fact that certification exams especially a multiple subjects CSET exam will require plenty of memorization. You just can not browse through a study guide and think that you already know everything you have read. Memorization helps improve your memory and retain the information being studied.

When you review your CSET study guide and other literature, you may want to read the information out loud and repeat it to yourself. Your brain will be able to remember details which are of importance, so when you repeat it over and over again, your brain automatically comprehends that the information being relayed is important.

However, you must always set a proper study time and place for memorization. Clear out an hour or two each day in your active lifestyle and chose a quiet area with minimal distractions where you can memorize. You must also limit the CSET multiple subjects being reviewed each day. After all studying science, mathematics, reading, language, literature, social science, history, human development, physical education and visual and performing arts all at once is simply impossible.

Review
Consistent reviewing is essential when preparing for a CSET multiple subjects exam. You can not memorize everything in just one review and reading. Like anyone, you can quickly forget information that has been memorized after some tome. To avoid this, you must review again after a few days or weeks.
It is also a good idea to take down notes when you study and memorize your CSET study guide. You can also record yourself when reviewing so that you can play back the recording during your free time or before you go to sleep until the day of your CSET multiple subjects test.
Attend Study Groups

There are also study groups in your area that you can participate in when reviewing for a CSET multiple subjects test. People who participate in such groups are serious about prepping up for the CSET test, yet they make it a point to do so in an active and fun way.
As a teacher you must know that having fun when you learn is an effective form of preparation for an exam. Everyone shares tips and ideas on learning which allows you to tackle the different CSET exam content in your guide.

Practice
Another effective way of prepping for the CSET test is by taking a multiple subjects practice test. You can easily find practice tests being offered online and in books. When you attend a study group, you will find yourself participating in practice tests for different CSET subjects.
Just like how study materials such as a CSET multiple subjects study guide are essential during your reviews, practice exams are as essential too. You can visit your university library or local library for practice test literature or you can easily purchase multiple subjects practice test from reliable websites online.

It is imperative that you take advantage of practice tests considering the fact that a multiple subjects CSET exam will also focus on your skills in communicating the information with your students for effective learning and strategizing your teaching skills to accommodate all types of learners in a classroom.
Application
After consistently reviewing your CSET study guide and taking up a multiple subjects practice test, you may want to try applying what you have reviewed inside the classroom. Preparing for the CSET subjects test also involves real application so there is nothing more effective than trying out what you have studied on your students. When you test yourself on the application each day, you become thorough with what you are prepping for. This will help you keep the studied information in your head for the big day and beyond.
Valerie Grace Vergabera is freelance writer specializing in review preparations and practice tests for certification exams such as the CSET subjects test for teachers.

Friday, December 7, 2012

Three Ways to Determine the Value of a Particular Vitamin Supplement

Many people forego drinking vitamin pills simply because they have this notion that what they eat should be enough. Before you make that conclusion about your food, you need to ask yourself the following questions: Is your current diet a healthy one? Does it provide you with all the essential nutrients recommended by the experts? If you are unable to give a resounding "Yes!" to both questions, then you may have to look into supplementing it with those multivitamin pills you've been avoiding.

Another reason why some people avoid taking these pills is the expense involved. Daily intake of the recommended dosage would mean this item becomes a regular addition to your budget list, and some vitamins are really expensive. If you listen to everything you hear from the media, you will have to take so many different kinds of vitamins. If everything they say is true and you need to get every vitamin recommended, you will end up spending an arm and a leg just to maintain good health.
Although you can always opt to get cheap vitamins and minerals (there are plenty out there which still have most of the major nutrients recommended), you can choose to select or set aside in terms of need for such vitamin or such mineral. Thankfully, there are ways to discern when what is being said is true and what is merely hype:
1. Reading authoritative data
The Internet is a good source for information about products or services. However, it can also be a source of bad data or wrong information. Learn to check out credentials of the person writing the information. Also check for references, and if there are, to check the quality of the source.
2. Looking at history
A good indicator of efficacy of a particular product is the length of time this item has been out in the market. A product that has been out for many years would have been subjected to plenty of tests. The fact that it has remained on the market relatively longer than others means it has been tested, and proven effective.
3. Asking your physician
Confirm if all the information you've learned is factual by consulting with your doctor. Even if your doctor may not know everything, he or she can more or less tell if your source is reliable or not. The doctor, who is so used to studying such kind of material, can immediately tell if
the source has done the right kind of study to warrant the conclusions that have been made.
It is all about taking the time to research on the product and only subscribing to it once you know what good it can do for you. Don't follow the advice of friends and family without knowing what you're getting yourself into. So, even though it merely involves
cheap vitamins, think first before you buy.
Are you looking for online sites that sell dietary supplements at reasonable rates? Get your cheap vitamins and minerals from http://www.nutritionwarehouse.com.au.

Fish Oil for Heart Health?

Good health is a signature theme woven through the thread of our modern society. The rise in diabetes and heart disease has put a more urgent focus on heart health for people of all ages, but especially adults. According to numerous medical professionals, EPA DHA fish oil is used as a natural means of lowering cholesterol levels. Omega 3 tablets are enormously popular in maintaining daily heart health to guard against heart disease.
Custom Hits - Traffic Exchange
Who would have thought in a million years that living a healthy lifestyle could be popular? It's great that something so vitally important as eating healthy and living an active lifestyle could be the "in" thing to do for people of all ages. Every day, millions of people are tuned into Dr. Oz and other programs that give valuable information about our bodies and how to best take care of them. Schools across the country are adopting healthy meal choices for their lunch programs. The first lady, Michelle Obama, is working to combat childhood obesity by encouraging children to have active lifestyle.
EPA DHA has permeated the market, as many people use these for preventive measures against high cholesterol as well as treatment for elevated levels. The omega 3 fatty acid found in fish oil is in high demand for its reported health benefits. Online vitamin companies, vitamin shops and natural food stores carry a wide selection of omega 3 tablets in various forms.
Swallowing an oil-based vitamin can prove challenging for some people, so manufacturers have packaged in more palatable forms, such as small omega 3 soft gels and fish oil pills, easy to swallow form, just to name a few. People with medical conditions that affect their ability to swallow can also greatly benefit from small omega 3 soft gels or easy to swallow form pills.
There are other nutrients besides omega 3 fish oil tablets that can aid in lowering cholesterol levels. Dieticians and medical experts report that whole grains, plenteous fruit and vegetables and plant sterols are also natural ways to promote heart health. These simple measures along with an overall healthy diet and exercise can boost heart health and may be enough to prevent the need to take traditional heart medicine for abnormal cholesterol levels. Those with elevated levels should consult with their cardiologist to get the best medical advice on how to reduce levels using EPA DHA fish oil.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult with a doctor before taking any supplements. Consult a physician if you are pregnant or lactating
For those looking for small omega 3 softgels, Easy 2 Swallow has a selection of vitamins you can swallow with ease. To find out more, visit here.

Wednesday, December 5, 2012

Growing Older and Healthier! Written by Deb Lowther

EVERY Workout Essentials by Gen Levrant

Had you asked me what the above were when I first became a Personal Trainer, I would have replied “warm up, resistance, cardio, core, cool down and stretching.” Six years and two diplomas later, my answer is now somewhat different!
This article hasn’t been written to instruct you on what you ‘should’ be doing when you work out. Everyone’s different personal goals make creating a universal instruction blueprint quite difficult! It is to share my thoughts from experience on what is essential in creating results from every workout.


Functional PurposeWhat are you training for? Do you want to lose some stubborn inches? Improve your performance at your sport? Are you training for an event? Whatever your purpose, make your training functional TO it! For example, if you want to improve your soccer or tennis skills, do you really need to be doing deadlifts? If you want to decrease body fat, do you really need to pound the treadmill for hours and raise your cortisol (stress hormone) levels? Tailor your workouts to what you are trying to achieve. Even if your goal is maintaining your general health and well-being; purpose is essential to every workout. Using it to motivate you can be the difference in intending to work out and ACTUALLY working out!
TimePlanning is another essential of every workout. Enough of us start the day with good intentions but events and distractions end up taking priority; thus putting back or even cancelling our workouts altogether. Try scheduling your workouts in your diary as if they were appointments with someone.  Technically…they are! Put your phone in flight mode, close the laptop, turn off the iPad, remove all distractions and dedicate at least twenty minutes to yourself.


3D TrainingTraining the body three-dimensionally is a big essential in every workout because this is how we are designed to move. Training your muscles and proprioceptors in the three planes of motion; frontal (left and right) sagittal (forward and back) and transverse (rotational) can enhance your results whatever your goal!
So the next time you come to work out (with purpose and zero distractions!) think about the plane of motion in which you are performing each exercise and stretch, and see how it feels to try another. You may, as I was after embracing this style of training for myself and my clients, be pleasantly surprised!
Gen Levrant is a Faster Health and Fitness certified Personal Trainer and Advanced Functional Training Specialist. She operates out of a private studio in Southampton, UK. For more info please visitwww.fasterglobal.com or email Gen@fasterpt.com

Competition and Children: Healthy or Harmful? By Tanya Memme

Competition amongst our children: Is it healthy?
Recently I attended my cousins hockey game. My little cousin is 8 years old and safe to say one of the strongest players on his team. At one of his most recent hockey practices while the coach was doing skating drills, his mom noticed something. The child that came in last for that drill was made to do a round of push ups. It was very upsetting to hear this, because I knew that if my little cousin only gave even 50% effort, he will still probably finish within the top few skaters.  My question here is, are we praising results or effort? What message are we giving to our kids? I mean, maybe the slowest skater on the team was trying his absolute best but just couldn’t keep up with the rest? Making him do push ups is the quickest way for him to feel like a failure, unsuccessful, weak, and eventually give up. Why not make the kids who don’t try their best (the coach is familiar enough with each child) do a few push ups?

Upon seeing this, I started to have flashbacks from when I was in grade school. St. Elizabeth Elementary school from JK – Grade 8.  I wasn’t one of the “smartest” kids in the class and was made to feel stupid because of it. I always tried as hard as I could to get a good grade. Sometimes I did and sometimes I didn’t. I was a B/C student which was average I guess. I tried extremely hard, I studied the best I could, and was never noticed for my effort? I remember having to write out misspelled words on the chalkboard in front of the class for hours (or so it seemed.) I used to dream of getting an A in English or Geography or Math but I just wasn’t capable under the schools given teaching techniques. Then the infamous “Awards Day” would come along at the end of every year! This is where the entire school would gather in the gym to watch the same kids every year go up on stage and receive an award for being the BEST in each subject. This was always one of the days I loathed most. I felt so much “less than” every awards day because I knew my name would never be called.

As the years went by, I started to feel utterly defeated and eventually submerged myself into my dance training after school. I WAS GOOD AT DANCE AND WAS REWARDED FOR MY GOOD RESULTS! In the meantime I built up such a big block in my mind about school that I started blanking out on tests and exams in high school and eventually college. Realistically I was fully capable of passing with a good grade, but I had become conditioned to believe I was stupid and not “smart enough” to pass the test. I believed I was a failure in the past because I never “WON” an award on Awards Day and the subconscious pressure I put on myself was insane! It took me years to work through.

Since then and a solid resume of hosting many shows etc, I’ve replaced the panic with confidence and have learned to deal with it and control it. It’s just too bad it has taken so long to get to a good, solid confident place with it, but none the less still a part of who I am.

When I heard about that little boy trying his best and still made to do push ups in front of his hockey team, I Instantly realized that that little boy was ME years ago. Do we praise RESULTS or EFFORT? Not every kid is great at Math, but if they are praised for how hard they work at it, then eventually and surely they will figure out the equation with great success and enjoy the process instead of quitting.  Success comes with determination and effort. Acknowledging the little ones for these qualities and encouraging them along the way is critical. It affects everything they do and eventually WHO THEY BECOME.

Tanya Memme is the Producer/Co-Host of the Emmy nominated, A&E’s Sell This House and Sell This House Extreme.  She is a new mom, pet lover, travel enthusiastic & lifestyle expert.www.TanyaMemme.com

Sunday, December 2, 2012

Citizens in Space

Courtesy of XCOR Aerospace
Citizens in Space, a project of the United States Rocket Academy, is dedicated to citizen science and citizen space exploration. Citizens in Space is a nonprofit project working with (not for) the companies developing new commercial spacecraft. Our goal is to enable ordinary people to fly in space as citizen astronauts (citizen space explorers) and to enable citizen scientists to fly experiments into space. For the first phase of our project, we have acquired an initial contract for 10 suborbital spaceflights with one of the new space transportation companies—XCOR Aerospace.

We will be making payload space on these flights available to citizen scientists. Professional researchers will be eligible, too, if they play by certain rules. We will fly these experiments free of charge, but any experiment submitted to us must be licensed as open-source hardware. We expect to fly up to 100 small experiments in our initial flight campaign. Our hope is that the experiment hardware developed through this project will be replicated widely by citizen scientists and flown many times on a wide variety of vehicles in the future. For information on the rules for submitting payloads, see the Call for Experiments.

Along with the general call for experiments, we are offering a $10,000 prize for one particularly interesting experiment in the High Altitude Astrobiology Challenge. We will also have a $5,000 reserve prize for the best experiment which does not win the High Altitude Astrobiology Challenge.

Why Is it Impossible to Stop Thinking, to Render the Mind a Complete Blank?

 Forgive your mind this minor annoyance because it has worked to save your life—or more accurately, the lives of your ancestors. Most likely you have not needed to worry whether the rustling in the underbrush is a rabbit or a leopard, or had to identify the best escape route on a walk by the lake, or to wonder whether the funny pattern in the grass is a snake or dead branch. Yet these were life-or-death decisions to our ancestors. Optimal moment-to-moment readiness requires a brain that is working constantly, an effort that takes a great deal of energy. (To put this in context, the modern human brain is only 2 percent of our body weight, but it uses 20 percent of our resting energy.) Such an energy-hungry brain, one that is constantly seeking clues, connections and mechanisms, is only possible with a mammalian metabolism tuned to a constant high rate.
Constant thinking is what propelled us from being a favorite food on the savanna—and a species that nearly went extinct—to becoming the most accomplished life-form on this planet. Even in the modern world, our mind always churns to find hazards and opportunities in the data we derive from our surroundings, somewhat like a search engine server. Our brain goes one step further, however, by also thinking proactively, a task that takes even more mental processing.
So even though most of us no longer worry about leopards in the grass, we do encounter new dangers and opportunities: employment, interest rates, “70 percent off” sales and swindlers offering $20 million for just a small investment on our part. Our primate heritage brought us another benefit: the ability to navigate a social system. As social animals, we must keep track of who's on top and who's not and who might help us and who might hurt us. To learn and understand this information, our mind is constantly calculating “what if?” scenarios. What do I have to do to advance in the workplace or social or financial hierarchy? What is the danger here? The opportunity?
For these reasons, we benefit from having a brain that works around the clock, even if it means dealing with intrusive thoughts from time to time.

Saturday, December 1, 2012

Extremly ghost Camira caché in brazil

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Friday, November 30, 2012

US birth rate falls to record low



The US birth rate hit a record low last year, led by the decline in child-bearing among foreign-born women, according to a Pew study.
The overall US birth rate decreased by 8% between 2007-10, and by 6% among US-born women, found the data.
The rate fell sharpest for those hardest hit by the recession: 14% among foreign-born women and 23% among Mexican immigrant women in particular.
The 2011 rate was the lowest since 1920, when such records began.
Previous research by Pew concluded that states with the largest economic downturn from 2007-08, were most likely to have experienced fertility declines.
Foreign and US-born Hispanic women have experienced the largest fall in household wealth since 2007.
But increased access to contraception for Latino women may also be playing a part in the falling birth rate, according to the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health.
Foreign-born mothers continue to give birth to a disproportionate share of the nation's newborns.
Last year there were 3.95 million total US births, according to the preliminary data from Pew Research Center.
The overall US birth rate was 63.2 per 1,000 women of child-bearing age.
It peaked in 1957 during the Baby Boom years, reaching 122.7 per 1,000 women.

Childhood obesity 'can be predicted by check at birth'

Researchers say a baby's chance of being obese in childhood can be predicted at birth using a simple formula.
The formula combines several known factors to estimate the risk of obesity.
The authors of the study, published in PLos One, hope it will be used to identify babies at risk.
Childhood obesity can lead to many health problems, including Type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
Researchers from Imperial College London looked at 4,032 Finnish children born in 1986 and at data from two further studies of 1,503 Italian children and 1,032 US children.
They found that looking at a few simple measurements, such as a child's birthweight and whether the mother smoked, was enough to predict obesity.
Previously it had been thought that genetic factors would give bigger clues to later weight problems, but only about one in 10 cases of obesity is the result of a rare gene mutation that affects appetite.
Obesity in children is rising, with the NHS estim
15% of girls in England are now obese.
The risk factors for obesity are already well known, but this is the first time these factors have been put together in a formula.
Prof Philippe Froguel from Imperial College London, who led the study, said that prevention was the best strategy. Once obese, a child can find it difficult to lose weight.
"The equation is based on data everyone can obtain from a newborn, and we found it can predict around 80% of obese children.
"Unfortunately, public prevention campaigns have been rather ineffective at preventing obesity in school-age children. Teaching parents about the dangers of overfeeding and bad nutritional habits at a young age would be much more effective.
"The message is simple. All at-risk children should be identified, monitored and given good advice, but this costs money."
Prof Paul Gately, a specialist in childhood obesity at Leeds Metropolitan University, said a tool like this would help the NHS target specific people at risk rather than the "scattergun one-size-fits-all approach, which we know does not work".
"Rather than spending money on a huge number of people, we can be more specific and spend appropriately. We may not save money in the short-term but it will be spent more wisely and could reduce [obesity-related] NHS bills in the future.
"We've done a great job of outlining that obesity is a serious issue but we have made the general public paranoid that everyone is at risk.
"Tools like this will help change that attitude. Once we use the tool, we need intervention programmes for children at a greater risk."

Highest-ever HIV diagnoses in gay men


The number of gay and bisexual men being diagnosed with HIV in the UK reached an "all-time high" in 2011, according to the Health Protection Agency (HPA).
It said there had been a "worrying" trend since 2007, with more and more new cases each year.
Nearly half of the 6,280 people diagnosed last year were men who had sex with other men (MSM).
Overall, one in 20 MSM are infected with HIV.
Of those diagnosed in 2011, nearly two-thirds had not been to a sexual health clinic in the previous three years.

The HPA said the figures showed there was "room for improvement" in testing people in at-risk groups.
Dr Valerie Delpech, the organisation's head of HIV surveillance, told the BBC: "Obviously this is a serious illness and it is worrying that we're still seeing a lot in men who have sex with men and this is a record year.
"Transmission in the UK is largely sexual, so safe sex is the best way to prevent yourself getting HIV."
Rising
The total number of people living with HIV in the UK rose to 96,000, up from 91,500 the previous year. The issue is most intense in London.
Due to advances in drug treatment, having HIV should not affect life-expectancy.
However, the data suggests that one in four people with HIV are completely unaware of the infection, meaning they cannot receive treatment and may still be spreading the virus.
The chief executive of the National Aids Trust, Deborah Jack, said: "It is vitally important that gay men test at least once a year for STIs [sexually transmitted infections] and HIV, and every three months if they're having unprotected sex with new or casual partners.
"HIV-negative gay men diagnosed with an STI should really treat it as a 'wake up call'. You are at serious risk of getting HIV in the near future and need to take steps to prevent that happening - such as consistent condom use and reduction in number of sexual partners."
Sir Nick Partridge, the chief executive at the Terrence Higgins Trust, said: "HIV is an entirely preventable condition, yet each year we see thousands more people across the UK receive this life-changing diagnosis.
"Reducing undiagnosed HIV by encouraging those in high-risk groups to test more regularly is one way we can put the brakes on the spread of infection."

Thursday, November 29, 2012

What makes us intelligent?


We like to think our intelligence is self-made; it happens inside our heads, the product of our inner thoughts alone. But the rise of Google, Wikipedia and other online tools has made many people question the impact ofthese technologies on our brains. Is typing in the search term, “Who has played James Bond in the movies?” the same as knowing that the answer is Sean Connery, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig (… plus David Niven in Casino Royale)? Can we say we know the answer to this question when what we actually know is how to rapidly access the information?
I’ve written before about whether or not the internet is rewiring our brains, but here the question is about how we seek to define intelligence itself. And the answer appears to be an intriguing one. Because when you look at the evidence from psychological studies, it suggests that much of our intelligence comes from how we coordinate ourselves with other people and our environment.
An influential theory among psychologists is that we're cognitive misers. This is the idea that we are reluctant to do mental work unless we have to, we try to avoid thinking things though fully when a short cut is available. If you've ever voted for the political candidate with the most honest smile, or chosen a restaurant based on how many people are already sitting in there, then you've been a cognitive miser. The theory explains why we'd much rather type a zipcode into a sat-nav device or Google Maps than memorise and recall the location of a venue – it's so much easier to do so.
Research shows that people don't tend to rely on their memories for things they can easily access. Things like the world in front of our eyes, for example, can be changed quite radically without people noticing. Experiments have shown that buildings can somehow disappear from pictures we're looking at, or the people we're talking to can be switched with someone else, and often we won't notice – a phenomenon called “change blindness”. This isn't as an example of human stupidity – far from it, in fact – this is an example of mental efficiency. The mind relies on the world as a better record than memory, and usually that's a good assumption.
As a result, philosophers have suggested that the mind is designed to spread itself out over the environment. So much so that, they suggest, the thinking is really happening in the environment as much as it is happening in our brains. The philosopher Andy Clark called humans "natural born cyborgs", beings with minds that naturally incorporate new tools, ideas and abilities. From Clark's perspective, the route to a solution is not the issue – having the right tools really does mean you know the answers, just as much as already knowing the answer.
Society wins
A memory study by Daniel Wegner of Harvard University provides a neat example of this effect. Couples were asked to come into the lab to take a memorisation test. Half the couples were kept together, and half were reassigned to pair up with someone they didn't know. Both groups then studied a list of words in silence, and were then tested individually. The pairs that were made up of a couple in a relationship could remember more items, both overall and as individuals.
What happened, according to Wegner, was that the couples in a relationship had a good understanding of their partners. Because of this they would tacitly divide up the work between them, so that, say, one partner would remember words to do with technology, assuming the other would remember the words to do with sports. In this way, each partner could concentrate on their strengths, and so individually they outperformed people in couples where no mental division of labour was possible. Just as you rely on a search engine for answers, so you can rely on people you deal with regularly to think about certain things, developing a shared system for committing items to memory and bringing them out again, what Wegner called “transactive memory”.
Having minds that work this way is one of the great strengths of the human species. Rather than being forced to rely on our own resources for everything, we can share our knowledge and so pool our understanding. Technology keeps track of things for individuals so we don't have to, while large systems of knowledge serve the needs of society as a whole. I don't know how a computer works, or how to grow broccoli, but that knowledge is out there and I get to benefit. And the internet provides even more potential to share this knowledge. Wikipedia is one of the best examples – an evolving store of the world's knowledge for which everyone can benefit from. I use Wikipedia every day, aware of all the caveats of doing so, because it supports me in all the thinking I do for things like this column.
So as well as having a physical environment – like the rooms or buildings we live or work in – we also have a mental environment. Which means that when I ask you where your mind is, you shouldn’t point toward the centre of your forehead. As research on areas like transactive memory shows, our minds are made up just as much by the people and tools around us as they are by the brain cells inside our skull.

Will the internet become conscious?


He argues that the physical wiring of the internet is much like a rudimentary brain and some of the actions and interactions that take place on it are similar to the processes that we see in the brain.
At the same time, he says, it is forcing us as humans to interact and think in new and different ways.
But, he tells BBC Future, this is just the beginning.  The internet is only going to become more and more intelligent, changing humans and society in ways which we are not yet able to understand.

 
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